UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 001-16109

CORECIVIC, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

REGISTRANT'S TELEPHONE NUMBER, INCLUDING AREA CODE: (615) 263-3000

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b) ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the shares of the registrant's Common Stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $1,048,718,811 as of June 30, 2023 based on the closing price of such shares on the New York Stock Exchange on that day. The number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding on February 12, 2024 was 112,608,075.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

CORECIVIC, INC.

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, contains statements as to our beliefs and expectations of the outcome of future events that are forward-looking statements as defined within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. All statements other than statements of current or historical fact contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs and plans, and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "projects," "will," and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the statements made in this Annual Report. These include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties associated with:

Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may turn out to be inaccurate. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, and financial needs. Our statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including the risks, uncertainties, and assumptions described in "Risk Factors" included elsewhere in this Annual Report and in other reports, documents, and other information we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, from time to time.

In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. When you consider these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements in this Annual Report, including in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Business" and "Risk Factors."

Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Annual Report.

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

Our business faces significant risks and uncertainties. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. You should carefully review and consider the full discussion of our risk factors in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Annual Report. Set forth below is a summary list of the principal risk factors as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report.

PART I.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

Overview

We are a diversified government solutions company with the scale and experience needed to solve tough government challenges in flexible, cost-effective ways. Through three segments, CoreCivic Safety, CoreCivic Community, and CoreCivic Properties, we provide a broad range of solutions to government partners that serve the public good through corrections and detention management, a network of residential reentry centers to help address America's recidivism crisis, and government real estate solutions. We have been a flexible and dependable partner for government for 40 years. Our employees are driven by a deep sense of service, high standards of professionalism and a responsibility to help government better the public good.

We are the nation's largest owner of partnership correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities and one of the largest prison operators in the United States. As of December 31, 2023, through our CoreCivic Safety segment, we operated 43 correctional and detention facilities, 39 of which we owned, with a total design capacity of approximately 65,000 beds. Through our CoreCivic Community segment, we owned and operated 23 residential reentry centers with a total design capacity of approximately 5,000 beds. In addition, through our CoreCivic Properties segment, we owned 6 properties, with a total design capacity of approximately 10,000 beds.

In addition to providing fundamental residential services, our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities offer a variety of rehabilitation and educational programs, including basic education, faith-based services, life skills and employment training, and substance abuse treatment. These services are intended to help reduce recidivism and to prepare offenders for their successful reentry into society upon their release. We also provide or make available to offenders certain health care (including medical, dental, and mental health services), food services, and work and recreational programs.

We are a Maryland corporation formed in 1983. Our principal executive offices are located at 5501 Virginia Way, Brentwood, Tennessee, 37027, and our telephone number at that location is (615) 263-3000. Our website address is www.corecivic.com. We make available on or through our website certain reports and amendments to those reports that we file with or furnish to the SEC in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These include our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Current Reports on Form 8-K and our definitive proxy statement. We make this information available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC. In addition, we routinely post on the “Investors Relations” page of our website news releases, announcements and other statements about our business and results of operations, some of which may contain information that may be deemed material to investors. Therefore, we encourage investors to monitor the “Investors Relations” page of our website and review the information we post on that page. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report.

The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at the following address: www.sec.gov.

Our ongoing operations are organized into three principal business segments:

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, our total segment net operating income, which we define as a facility's revenues (including interest income associated with finance leases) less operating expenses, was divided among our three business segments as follows:

Our customers primarily consist of federal, state, and local government agencies. Federal correctional and detention authorities primarily consist of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, the USMS, and the BOP. Payments by federal correctional, detention and residential reentry authorities represented 52%, 54%, and 56% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Our customer contracts for providing bed capacity and correctional, detention, and residential reentry services in our CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community segments typically have terms of three to five years and contain multiple renewal options. Most of our facility contracts also contain clauses that allow the government agency to terminate the contract at any time without cause, and our facility contracts are generally subject to annual or bi-annual legislative appropriations of funds. Notwithstanding these termination clauses, the contract renewal rate for properties we owned or controlled via long-term lease in these segments was approximately 95% over the five years ended December 31, 2023. The lease agreements in our CoreCivic Properties segment typically have terms of five to twenty years including renewal options, and generally have more restrictive termination clauses.

In our CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community segments, we are compensated for providing bed capacity and correctional, detention, and residential reentry services at a per diem rate based upon actual or minimum guaranteed occupancy levels. Occupancy rates for a particular facility are typically low when first opened or immediately following an expansion. However, beyond the start-up period, which typically ranges from 90 to 180 days, the occupancy rate tends to stabilize. Our occupancy rates declined during 2021 and 2022 due to the effects of COVID-19, but began to increase in 2023 following the expiration of Title 42, among other factors, and as further described hereinafter. The average compensated occupancy of our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities, based on rated capacity was as follows for 2023, 2022, and 2021:

The average compensated occupancy of our CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community facilities, excluding idled facilities, was 82%, 81%, and 80% for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Operating Procedures and Offender Services for Correctional, Detention, and Residential Reentry Facilities

Pursuant to the terms of our customer contracts, we are responsible for the overall operations of our facilities, including staff recruitment, general administration of the facilities, facility maintenance, security, and supervision of the residents in our care. We are required by our customer contracts to maintain certain levels of insurance coverage for general liability, workers' compensation, vehicle liability, and property loss or damage. We also are required to indemnify our customers for claims and costs arising out of our operations and, in certain cases, to maintain performance bonds and other collateral requirements.

Reentry programs.

We believe a focus on inmate reentry provides great benefits for our communities – more people living healthy and productive lives and contributing to strong families and local economies. We have committed to evolving our model with an increased focus on reentry services, and we are working to equip the men and women in our care with the services, support, and resources they need to be successful upon reentry.

We provide a wide range of evidence-based reentry programs and activities in our facilities. At most of the facilities we manage, offenders have the opportunity to enhance their basic education from literacy through earning a high school equivalency certificate endorsed by their respective state. In some cases, we also provide opportunities for postsecondary educational achievements and chances to participate in college degree programs.

For the offenders who are close to taking their GED/HiSET exam, we have invested in the equipment needed to use the GED/HiSET Academy software program, which is an offline software program providing over 200 hours of individualized lessons up to a 12th grade level. The GED/HiSET Academy incorporates teaching best practices and provides an atmosphere to engage and motivate students to learn everything they need to know to pass the GED/HiSET exam. According to a 2022 study by Steven Sprick Schuster and Ben Stickle, "Are Schools in Prison Worth It? The Effects of and Economic Returns to Prison Education", prison education decreases the likelihood of recidivism by 14.8% and increases the likelihood of employment by 6.9%.

In addition, we offer a broad spectrum of career/technical education opportunities to help individuals learn marketable job skills. Our construction trade programs are certified by the National Center for Construction Education and Research, or NCCER. This progressive program has evolved into curricula for more than 70 craft and maintenance areas and a complete series of more than 70 assessments offered in over 6,000 NCCER-accredited training and assessment locations across the United States. Graduates of these programs enter the job market with certified skills that significantly enhance employability. We also offer other effective vocational programs, such as the Persevere and Pivot Tech coding programs discussed more thoroughly below.

We are proud of the educational programs we offer and intend to maintain and continue to develop such programs. Examples of programs and new programming technology we deployed or expanded over the previous two years:

For those with assessed substance abuse disorders, we offer cognitive behavioral evidence-based treatment programs with proven clinical outcomes, such as the Residential Drug Abuse Program. We offer both therapeutic community models and intensive outpatient programs. We also offer drug and alcohol use education/DWI programs at some of our facilities. Our goal in providing substance abuse treatment is to stimulate internal motivation for change and progress through the stages of change so that lasting behavioral change can occur. Our drug and alcohol education programs help participants understand their relationships with drugs and alcohol and the links between drug and alcohol use and crime, as well as equipping participants with information designed to help them make better choices that can lead to healthier relationships in their lives. According to a study by the Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, "An Assessment of Substance Abuse Treatment Programs in Florida's Prisons Using a Random Assignment Experimental Design" submitted to the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, in 2016, inmates who completed addiction treatment in prison have significantly lower recidivism levels regardless of the treatment model used.

Additional program offerings include our Victim Impact Programs, available at a number of our Safety and Community facilities, which seek to educate offenders about the negative effects their criminal conduct can have on others. All of our facility chaplains facilitate diverse and inclusive opportunities for those in our care to engage in the practice of spirituality and to exercise individual religious freedom. In several facilities, we offer faith-based programs with an emphasis on character development, spiritual growth, and successful reentry. Presently, we utilize Threshold, an innovative, evidence-based inter-faith component of comprehensive reentry services.

Our Reentry and Life Skills programs prepare individuals for life after incarceration by teaching them how to successfully conduct a job search, how to manage their budget and financial matters, parenting skills, and relationship and family skills. Equally significant, we offer cognitive behavioral programs aimed at changing anti-social attitudes and behaviors in offenders, with a focus on altering the level of criminal thinking. In 2017, we introduced a comprehensive reentry strategy we call "Go Further," a forward thinking, process approach to reentry. "Go Further" encompasses all facility reentry programs, adds a proprietary cognitive/behavioral curriculum, and encourages staff and offenders to take a collaborative approach to assist in reentry preparation.

In 2021, we opened a "Go Further Release" program in the Denver, Colorado area. Go Further Release is a program we developed that provides stabilization services and reentry coaching to individuals being released from our facilities. The program provides "Reach-in" services during the returning citizen's last 90 days of incarceration which are designed to prepare individuals for release and make a connection with a reentry coach that will provide support to them after release. "Stabilization and Reentry Coaching" services are provided during an individual's first 90 days of release and an ongoing community support group is available as long as needed. All services are free of charge. In 2022, we received approval from the Georgia Department of Corrections, or GDOC, to implement a Go Further Release program to support our Coffee, Jenkins, and Wheeler facilities. We are providing this program through a partnership with Life Empowerment Enterprises, a local non-profit organization.

Across the country, our dedicated staff, along with the assistance of thousands of volunteers, work to provide guidance, direction, and post-incarceration services to the men and women in our care. We believe these critical reentry programs help fight the serious challenge of recidivism facing the United States.

Through our community corrections facilities, we provide an array of services to defendants and offenders who are serving their full sentence, the last portion of their sentence, waiting to be sentenced, or awaiting trial while supervised in a community environment. We offer housing and programs with a key focus on employment, job readiness, life skills and various substance abuse treatment programs, in order to help offenders successfully reenter their communities and reduce the risk of recidivism. For example, some of our community corrections facilities have community networking programs, like those at our Cheyenne Transitional Center in Wyoming, to help residents connect with community members and match them with jobs. Our staff takes an active role in going into the community and creating collaborative relationships with employers to assist residents when they first arrive at our facility and provide support for a smoother transition in job seeking. Beginning in 2022, our programs in the state of Colorado partnered with a financial institution to conduct classes with our residents on financial wellness, including the importance of having a savings account, the importance of, and how to establish, credit, and how to establish a bank account. In addition, in 2023, 24 residents at our CAI Ocean View facility in California received a "Certificate of Completion in Money Smarts and Transitional Skills". The classes are taught by our Employment Specialist and Program Facilitator at the Ocean View facility and are offered to all residents on a daily basis. The Ocean View facility has also partnered with the San Diego City College to offer residents classes in Forklift Operation, Auto Mechanics, and Carpentry. Also in 2023, we partnered with Coastline and Career Expansion, Inc. at our CAI Boston Avenue facility in California to provide a training program in workforce development, construction, utilities, energy and safety. Students learn skills from basic industry awareness to Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, requirements in this five-week, on-site program. They also learn how to properly use hand and power tools, and how to safely handle construction materials. Upon completion, students receive an industry-recognized certificate. In some of our community corrections facilities, we offer housing and program services to parolees who have completed their sentence but lack a viable reentry plan. Through a focus on employment and skill development, we provide a means for these parolees to successfully reintegrate into their communities.

In addition, we provide day-reporting and substance abuse treatment programs at some of our community corrections facilities. These programs, depending on the needs of the offender, can provide cognitive behavioral-based programs to assist in the offender's successful reentry while holding the individual accountable while living in the community.

We also provide a number of non-residential correctional alternative services, including electronic monitoring and case management services, under our CoreCivic Community segment. Governmental customers use electronic monitoring products and services to monitor low risk offenders as a way to help reduce overcrowding in correctional facilities, as a monitoring and sanctioning tool, and to promote public safety by imposing restrictions on movement and serving as a deterrent for alcohol usage. Providing these non-residential services is a natural complement to our broad network of residential reentry facilities and can help keep individuals from returning to prison or being incarcerated in the first place.

Ultimately, the work we do is intended to give people the necessary skills to reintegrate with their communities permanently. We are proud of the teachers, counselors, case managers, chaplains, and other offender support service professionals who provide these services to the men and women entrusted in our care.

Further underscoring our long-term commitment to reducing recidivism, since October 2017, we have maintained a nationwide initiative to advocate for a range of government policies that will help formerly incarcerated people successfully reenter society and stay out of prison. As part of this continued initiative, we apply government relations resources and expertise to advocate for the following policies:

In 2020, we announced that we will publicly advocate at the federal and state levels for a slate of new policies that will help people succeed in their communities after being released from prison. Specifically, we pledged our support for Pell Grant Restoration, Voting Rights Restoration and Licensure Reform Policies. Also in 2020, we began a partnership with, and continue to invest in, Prison Fellowship, a leading advocate for criminal justice reform serving formerly incarcerated individuals and their family members. Through a network of programming and advocacy efforts, the organization seeks to effect positive change at every level of the criminal justice system. We have committed to a multi-year partnership in Prison Fellowship's First Chance Network, or FCN. Serving over 230,000 children annually, the FCN addresses persistent gaps in opportunity for children who have incarcerated parents and seeks to create a trajectory toward healthy life outcomes and prevent youth justice involvement.

Advocacy for Pell Grant Restoration is an extension of our longtime commitment to providing educational opportunities in our facilities, as research consistently shows that educational attainment can significantly reduce an incarcerated person's likelihood of recidivating. Currently, CoreCivic has working partnerships with fifteen colleges and institutions of higher learning nationwide to facilitate provision of post-secondary educational opportunities in various facilities. We continue to pursue opportunities to expand this network and the facilities in which these services are offered.

Supporting policies that advance the expansion of reentry programs aligns closely with our ongoing efforts to assess and expand reentry-focused programming in our facilities. To that end, we actively engage subject matter experts and practitioners, including formerly incarcerated individuals who bring valuable, lived experiences that better inform innovations and enhancements to those programmatic offerings.

We believe that as successful as we may be with our work inside our facilities, incarcerated individuals still face embedded societal barriers and collateral consequences when they return to their communities. Supporting recidivism-reducing policies is one way we can bridge the gap and give the men and women entrusted in our care a better opportunity at never returning to prison.

Operating guidelines.

The American Correctional Association, or ACA, is an independent organization comprised of corrections professionals that establishes accreditation standards for correctional and detention facilities around the world. Outside agency standards, such as those established by the ACA, provide us with the industry's most widely accepted operational guidelines. ACA accredited facilities must be audited and re-accredited at least every three years. We have sought and received ACA accreditation for 33, or approximately 97%, of the eligible facilities we operated as of December 31, 2023, excluding our residential reentry facilities. During 2023, 12 of the facilities we manage were newly accredited or re-accredited by the ACA with an average score of 99.6%, making our portfolio average 99.6%.

Beyond the standards provided by the ACA, our facilities are operated in accordance with a variety of company and facility-specific policies and procedures, as well as various contractual requirements. Many of these policies and procedures reflect the high standards generated by a number of sources, including the ACA, the National Commission on Correctional Healthcare, OSHA, as well as federal, state, and local government codes and regulations and longstanding correctional procedures.

In addition, our facilities are operated in compliance with the Prison Rape Elimination Act, or PREA, standards. All confinement facilities covered under the PREA standards must be audited at least every three years to maintain compliance with the PREA standards. We utilize DOJ certified PREA auditors to help ensure that all facilities operate in compliance with applicable PREA regulations.

Our facilities operate under these established standards, policies, and procedures, and also are subject to annual audits by our Quality Assurance Division, or QAD, which operates under, and reports directly to, our Office of General Counsel and acts independently from our Operations Division. Through the QAD, we have devoted significant resources to ensuring that our facilities meet outside agency and accrediting organization standards and guidelines.

The QAD employs a team of full-time auditors, who are subject matter experts from all major disciplines within institutional operations. Annually, QAD auditors generally conduct unannounced on-site evaluations of each CoreCivic Safety facility we operate using specialized audit tools, typically containing approximately 1,350 audit indicators across all major operational areas. In most instances, these audit tools are tailored to facility and partner specific requirements. In addition, audit teams provide guidance to facility staff on operational best practices and assist staff with addressing specific areas of need, such as meeting requirements of new partner contracts and providing detailed training on compliance requirements for new departmental managers.

The QAD management team coordinates overall operational auditing and compliance efforts across all correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities we manage. In conjunction with subject matter experts and other stakeholders having risk management responsibilities, the QAD management team develops performance measurement tools used in facility audits. The QAD management team provides governance of the corrective action plan process for any items of nonconformance identified through internal and external facility reviews. Our QAD also contracts with teams of ACA certified correctional auditors to evaluate compliance with ACA standards at accredited facilities. Similarly, the QAD routinely incorporates a review of facility compliance with key ACA standards and PREA regulations during annual audits of company facilities.

In addition to our own internal audit and contract compliance efforts, we are also subject to oversight by our government partners. As part of their standard monitoring and compliance programs, approximately 71% of our federal and state government partners typically conduct formal contract-compliance audits and inspections at least annually at CoreCivic Safety facilities. In addition to these annual audits of our facilities, many partners conduct additional area-specific operational audits and inspections on a more frequent basis, including monthly, quarterly, and semi-annually. Some of these audits and facility inspections by our partners are conducted on an unannounced basis. In 2023, our government partners conducted approximately 220 annual, semi-annual, quarterly, and monthly compliance audits and inspections at our CoreCivic Safety facilities. In addition, the majority of our federal and state government partners employ on-site contract monitors who monitor performance and contract compliance at our facilities on a full- or part-time basis. In 2023, 94% of the CoreCivic Safety facilities we manage had an assigned contract monitor.

Business Development

We believe we own, or control via a long-term lease, approximately 56% of all privately owned prison beds in the United States, manage nearly 38% of all privately managed prison beds in the United States, and are currently the second largest private owner and provider of community corrections services in the nation. Under the direction of our partnership development department, we market our facilities and services to government agencies responsible for federal, state, and local correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities in the United States. With 2023 occupancy in our Safety and Community segments of 72%, including idle correctional and residential reentry facilities during the period they were idle, we have the capacity to grow earnings and cash flows without the need to deploy significant capital. At December 31, 2023, we also had a 2,400-bed idle facility in our Properties segment that could generate additional earnings and cash flow if we are able to enter into an agreement to utilize the facility. Under the direction of our innovation department, we also intend to continue to pursue new development opportunities in our Properties segment, to meet the need to modernize outdated correctional infrastructure across the country, and explore potential opportunities to expand the scope of non-residential correctional alternatives we provide in our Community segment. We will also respond to customer demand and may develop or expand correctional and detention facilities when we believe potential long-term returns justify the capital deployment.

We execute cross-departmental efforts to market CoreCivic Safety solutions to government partners that seek corrections and detention management services, CoreCivic Community solutions to government partners seeking residential reentry services, and CoreCivic Properties solutions to customers that need correctional real estate and maintenance services. Our flexible business model enables our customers to utilize our real estate assets to suit their needs, which can result in facilities moving among our Safety, Community, and Properties segments.

Business from our federal customers, including primarily ICE, the USMS, and the BOP, constituted 52%, 54%, and 56% of our total revenue during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Business from our federal customers continues to be a significant component of our business, although the source of revenue is derived from many contracts at various types of properties (i.e., correctional, detention, and reentry). ICE (30%, 29%, and 30% during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively) and the USMS (21%, 22%, and 23% during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively) each accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue during the last three years.

Certain of our contracts with federal partners contain clauses that guarantee the federal partner access to a minimum bed capacity in exchange for a fixed monthly payment. However, these contracts also generally provide the government the ability to cancel the contract for non-appropriation of funds or for convenience. The solutions we provide to our federal customers continue to be a significant component of our business. We believe our ability to provide flexible solutions and fulfill emergent needs of our federal customers would be very difficult and costly to replicate in the public sector.

On January 26, 2021, President Biden issued the Private Prison EO. The Private Prison EO directs the Attorney General to not renew DOJ contracts with privately operated criminal detention facilities. Two agencies of the DOJ, the BOP and the USMS, utilize our services. The BOP houses inmates who have been convicted, and the USMS is generally responsible for detainees who are awaiting trial. The BOP has experienced a steady decline in inmate populations over the last decade, a trend that was accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our remaining prison contract with the BOP at the 1,978-bed McRae Correctional Facility expired on November 30, 2022 and was not renewed. Following the non-renewal of the BOP contract in 2022 and our sale of the McRae facility to the state of Georgia in August 2022, we no longer operate any prison contracts for the BOP. The Private Prison EO only applies to agencies that are part of the DOJ, which includes the BOP and USMS. ICE facilities are not covered by the Private Prison EO, as ICE is an agency of the Department of Homeland Security, or DHS, not the DOJ. For the year ended December 31, 2023, USMS and ICE accounted for 21% ($400.4 million) and 30% ($565.5 million), respectively, of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2022, USMS and ICE accounted for 22% ($403.9 million) and 29% ($527.3 million), respectively, of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2021, USMS and ICE accounted for 23% ($433.6 million) and 30% ($552.2 million), respectively, of our total revenue.

Unlike the BOP, the USMS does not own detention capacity and relies on the private sector, along with various government agencies, for its detainee population. We currently have two detention facilities that have direct contracts with the USMS. Because of the lack of alternative bed capacity, one of the contracts was renewed upon its expiration in September 2023, and now expires in September 2028. The second direct contract expires in September 2025. It is too early to predict the outcome of the expiration of the contract scheduled to expire in September 2025, and future developments could occur prior to the scheduled expiration date.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic. As a result, in the first quarter of 2020, the federal government decided to deny entry at the United States southern border to asylum-seekers and anyone crossing the southern border without proper documentation or authority in an effort to contain the spread of COVID-19, a policy known as Title 42. This policy resulted in a reduction to the number of people ICE detained, including in our detention facilities. The financial impact was somewhat mitigated by fixed monthly payments from ICE at certain of our facilities, to ensure ICE has adequate bed capacity in the event of a surge in the future. Based on COVID-19 trends, the Department of Health and Human Services allowed Title 42 to expire on May 11, 2023, which has resulted in an increase in the number of undocumented people permitted to enter the United States claiming asylum, and has resulted in an increase in the number of people apprehended and detained by ICE. Due to fixed payments under many of our federal contracts, the increase in residential populations does not result in a proportionate increase in our financial results at such facilities until populations clear the fixed payment levels for certain bed capacity. Residential populations under certain of our federal contracts largely cleared the minimum compensated bed total associated with fixed payments during the second half of 2023. During 2022, revenue from ICE was $527.3 million compared to $579.5 million during 2019, prior to the implementation of Title 42. During 2023, revenue from ICE was $565.5 million. Revenue from ICE increased at facilities other than our La Palma facility by $71.4 million from 2022 due to increased occupancy and the impact of per diem increases at certain facilities. During 2022, revenue from ICE at our La Palma facility was $33.2 million. This facility was transitioned from an ICE population to a population from the state of Arizona throughout 2022, with the offender intake process being substantially completed during the fourth quarter of 2022.

Federal revenues from contracts at correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities that we operate increased 0.1% from $994.7 million during 2022 to $995.2 million during 2023. The increase in federal revenues was primarily a result of increased occupancy and per diem increases at certain facilities. The increase in federal revenues resulting from these factors was partially offset by the impact of the aforementioned expiration of the contract with the BOP at the McRae facility, which resulted in a reduction in federal revenues of $37.8 million (2% of our total revenue) and as a result of the transition at our La Palma facility from an ICE population to the state of Arizona throughout 2022, as further described in "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations", or MD&A.

State revenues from contracts at correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities that we operate constituted 39%, 36%, and 32% of our total revenue during 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and increased 10.4% from $669.2 million during 2022 to $738.6 million during 2023. The state of Tennessee is our largest state customer, accounting for 10% of our total revenue during 2023, with no other state customer generating 10% or more of our total revenue. State revenues increased primarily as a result of the new management contract with the state of Arizona at our La Palma facility for up to 2,706 inmates, as the state transferred inmate populations from public sector facilities into our La Palma facility. We began receiving inmates from the state of Arizona in April 2022, and as of December 31, 2023, we cared for approximately 2,200 inmates from the state of Arizona at this facility, as further described in MD&A. State revenue at the La Palma facility increased $48.9 million during 2023 compared with 2022. State revenues also increased as a result of per diem increases under a number of our state contracts, as many of our state partners have recognized the need to provide additional funding to address increases in the wages of our employees.

We believe the long-term growth opportunities of our business remain attractive as government agencies consider their emergent needs, as well as the efficiency and offender programming opportunities we provide as flexible solutions to satisfy our partners' needs. We have also been in discussions with several state and county government agencies that have experienced challenges in staffing their public-sector facilities and are seeking solutions from the private sector. Further, several of our existing government partners, as well as prospective government partners, have been experiencing growth in offender populations and overcrowded conditions, as well as an increase in violent crime. Governments are continuing to assess their need for correctional space, and several are continuing to consider alternative correctional capacity for their aged or inefficient infrastructure, or are seeking cost savings by utilizing the private sector, which could result in increased future demand for the solutions we provide. For example, on September 25, 2023, we announced that we signed a new management contract with Hinds County, Mississippi to care for up to 250 adult male pre-trial detainees at our 2,672-bed Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility in Tutwiler, Mississippi. The initial contract term is for two years, which may be extended for an additional year upon mutual agreement. In addition, on November 16, 2023, we announced that we signed a new management contract with the state of Wyoming to care for up to 240 male inmates at the Tallahatchie facility. The term of the new contract runs through June 30, 2026. Also on November 16, 2023, we announced that we signed a new contract with Harris County, Texas, to care for up to 360 male inmates at the Tallahatchie facility. Upon mutual agreement, Harris County may access an additional 360 beds at the facility. The initial contract term began on December 1, 2023, and is scheduled to expire on November 30, 2024. However, the contract may be extended at Harris County's option for up to four additional one-year terms. In addition to the recent contracts with Hinds County, the state of Wyoming, and Harris County, we currently care for residents from the USMS, Vermont, South Carolina, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Tallahatchie County at the Tallahatchie facility, which demonstrates the flexible solutions that we provide. On November 14, 2023, we announced that we signed a new management contract with the state of Montana to care for up to 120 inmates at our 1,896-bed Saguaro Correctional Facility in Eloy, Arizona. The new contract is scheduled to expire on October 31, 2025, and may be extended by mutual agreement for a total term of up to seven years. We currently care for residents from the state of Hawaii and the state of Idaho at the Saguaro facility. We also manage the fully occupied company-owned Crossroads Correctional Center in Shelby, Montana for the state of Montana pursuant to a separate management contract.

Further, in December 2021, the state of Arizona awarded us a new contract for up to 2,706 inmates at our 3,060-bed La Palma Correctional Center in Arizona, which commenced in April 2022. We are not aware of a larger prison contract awarded to the private sector by any state in over a decade. In August 2022, we completed the sale of the 1,978-bed McRae Correctional Facility to the Georgia Building Authority in order to update its aged and inefficient public sector correctional infrastructure. Competing budget priorities often impede our customers' ability to construct new prison beds of their own or update their older facilities, which we believe could result in further demand for private sector prison capacity solutions in the long-term.

Following our first priority of debt reduction, which may include the purchase of our outstanding debt in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, we expect to allocate a substantial portion of our free cash flow to returning capital to our shareholders, which could include share repurchases and/or future dividends, and pursuing alternative growth opportunities. We believe the revocation of our REIT election and conversion to a taxable C Corporation, effective January 1, 2021, provides us with significantly more liquidity and financial flexibility, which enables us to reduce our reliance on the capital markets and enabled us to reduce the size of our Bank Credit Facility. We believe that we can further develop our business by, among other things:

We generally receive inquiries from or on behalf of government agencies that are considering outsourcing the ownership and/or management of certain facilities or that have already decided to contract with a private enterprise. When we receive such an inquiry, we determine whether there is an existing need for our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities and/or services and whether the legal and political climate in which the inquiring party operates is conducive to serious consideration of outsourcing. Based on these findings, an initial cost analysis is conducted to further determine project feasibility.

Frequently, government agencies responsible for correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities and services procure space and services through solicitations or competitive procurements. As part of our process of responding to such requests, members of our management team meet with the appropriate personnel from the agency making the request to best determine the agency's needs. If the project fits within our strategy, we submit a written response. A typical solicitation or competitive procurement requires bidders to provide detailed information, including, but not limited to, the space and services to be provided by the bidder, its experience and qualifications, and the price at which the bidder is willing to provide the facility and services (which services may include the purchase, renovation, improvement or expansion of an existing facility or the planning, design and construction of a new facility). The requesting agency selects a provider believed to be able to provide the requested bed capacity, if needed, and most qualified to provide the requested services, and then negotiates the price and terms of the contract with that provider.

2023 Accomplishments

In spite of the continued challenges presented by the actions in response to COVID-19 and the challenging labor market in 2023, we renewed several significant contracts and completed numerous other transactions and milestones, including the following:

CoreCivic Safety:

CoreCivic Community:

CoreCivic Properties:

Corporate and Other:

Facility Portfolio

CoreCivic Safety and Community Facilities and Facility Management Contracts

Our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities can generally be classified according to the level(s) of security at such facility. Minimum security facilities have open housing within an appropriately designed and patrolled institutional perimeter. Medium security facilities have either cells, rooms or dormitories, a secure perimeter, and some form of external patrol. Maximum security facilities have cells, a secure perimeter, and external patrol. Multi-security facilities have various areas encompassing minimum, medium or maximum security.

Our CoreCivic Safety and Community facilities can also be classified according to their primary function. The primary functional categories are:

As of December 31, 2023, through our CoreCivic Safety segment, we operated 43 correctional and detention facilities, 39 of which we owned and managed and four of which we managed and were owned by our government partners. Through our CoreCivic Community segment, we also owned and managed 23 residential reentry centers. Owned and managed facilities include facilities placed into service that we own or control via a long-term lease and manage. The following table includes certain information regarding each facility, including the term of the primary customer contract related to such facility.