UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

OR

Commission File Number 001-16109

CORECIVIC, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

REGISTRANT'S TELEPHONE NUMBER, INCLUDING AREA CODE: (615) 263-3000

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the shares of the registrant's Common Stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $1,109,062,984 as of June 30, 2020 based on the closing price of such shares on the New York Stock Exchange on that day.  The number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding on February 16, 2021 was 119,637,734.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, currently scheduled to be held on May 13, 2021, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CORECIVIC, INC.

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, contains statements as to our beliefs and expectations of the outcome of future events that are forward-looking statements as defined within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended.  All statements other than statements of current or historical fact contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs and plans, and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements.  The words "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "plan," "projects," "will," and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.  These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the statements made in this Annual Report.  These include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties associated with:

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Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may turn out to be inaccurate. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, and financial needs.  Our statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including the risks, uncertainties, and assumptions described in "Risk Factors" included elsewhere in this Annual Report and in other reports, documents, and other information we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, from time to time.

In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.  When you consider these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements in this Annual Report, including in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Business" and "Risk Factors."

Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made.  We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law.  All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Annual Report.

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RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

Our business faces significant risks and uncertainties. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. You should carefully review and consider the full discussion of our risk factors in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of this Annual Report. Set forth below is a summary list of the principal risk factors as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report.

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PART I.

Overview

We are a diversified government solutions company with the scale and experience needed to solve tough government challenges in flexible, cost-effective ways.  Through three segments, CoreCivic Safety, CoreCivic Community, and CoreCivic Properties, we provide a broad range of solutions to government partners that serve the public good through corrections and detention management, a network of residential reentry centers to help address America's recidivism crisis, and government real estate solutions.  We have been a flexible and dependable partner for government for more than 35 years.  Our employees are driven by a deep sense of service, high standards of professionalism and a responsibility to help government better the public good.

We are the nation's largest owner of partnership correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities and one of the largest prison operators in the United States.  We also believe we are the largest private owner of real estate used by U.S. government agencies.  As of December 31, 2020, through our CoreCivic Safety segment, we operated 47 correctional and detention facilities, 42 of which we owned, with a total design capacity of approximately 70,000 beds. Through our CoreCivic Community segment, we owned and operated 27 residential reentry centers with a total design capacity of approximately 5,000 beds.  In addition, through our CoreCivic Properties segment, we owned 15 properties for lease to third parties and used by government agencies, totaling 2.7 million square feet.  

In addition to providing fundamental residential services, our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities offer a variety of rehabilitation and educational programs, including basic education, faith-based services, life skills and employment training, and substance abuse treatment.  These services are intended to help reduce recidivism and to prepare offenders for their successful reentry into society upon their release.  We also provide or make available to offenders certain health care (including medical, dental, and mental health services), food services, and work and recreational programs.

We are a Maryland corporation formed in 1983. Our principal executive offices are located at 5501 Virginia Way, Brentwood, Tennessee, 37027, and our telephone number at that location is (615) 263-3000.  Our website address is www.corecivic.com.  We make our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, definitive proxy statements, and amendments to those reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, available on our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are filed with or furnished to the SEC.  Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report.

We have operated as a REIT from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2020.  As a REIT, we have provided services and conducted other business activities through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs.  A TRS is a subsidiary of a REIT that is subject to applicable corporate income tax and certain qualification requirements.  Our use of TRSs has enabled us to comply with REIT qualification requirements while providing correctional services at facilities we own and at facilities owned by our government partners and to engage in certain other business operations.  A TRS is not subject to the distribution requirements applicable to REITs so it may retain income generated by its operations for reinvestment.

As a REIT, we generally have not been subject to federal income taxes on our REIT taxable income and gains that we distribute to our stockholders, including the income derived from our real estate and dividends we have earned from our TRSs. However, our TRSs have been required to pay income taxes on their earnings at regular corporate income tax rates.

As a REIT, we generally have been required to distribute annually to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gains). Our REIT taxable income does not typically include income earned by our TRSs except to the extent our TRSs paid dividends to the REIT.

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On June 17, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors, or BOD, was evaluating corporate structure and capital allocation alternatives.  Concurrently, the BOD suspended our quarterly dividend while we assessed how best to use our free cash flow to build shareholder value, maintain service excellence, and offer and implement unique solutions for our government partners and the communities in which we serve.  On August 5, 2020, we announced that the BOD concluded its analysis and unanimously approved a plan to revoke our REIT election and become a taxable C Corporation, effective January 1, 2021.  The BOD also voted unanimously to discontinue our quarterly dividend and prioritize allocating our free cash flow to reduce debt levels.  As a result, we will no longer be required to operate under REIT rules, including the requirement to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income to our stockholders, which will provide us with greater flexibility to use our free cash flow.  Beginning January 1, 2021, we will be subject to federal and state income taxes on our taxable income at applicable tax rates, and will no longer be entitled to a tax deduction for dividends paid. However, we believe this conversion will improve our overall credit profile and lower our overall cost of capital.  Following our first priority of reducing debt, we expect to allocate a substantial portion of our free cash flow to returning capital to our shareholders and pursue alternative growth opportunities.  This conversion will also provide us with significantly more liquidity, which will enable us to reduce our reliance on the capital markets and reduce the size of our Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, or Bank Credit Facility, in the future.  We continued to operate as a REIT for the 2020 tax year, and existing REIT requirements and limitations, including those established by our organizational documents, remained in place until January 1, 2021.  

Our ongoing operations are organized into three principal business segments:

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, our total segment net operating income, which we define as a facility's revenues (including interest income associated with finance leases) less operating expenses, was divided among our three business segments as follows:

Our customers primarily consist of federal, state, and local government agencies.  Federal correctional and detention authorities primarily consist of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, the United States Marshals Service, or the USMS, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons, or the BOP.  Payments by federal correctional and detention authorities represented 52%, 51%, and 48% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

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Our customer contracts for providing bed capacity and correctional, detention, and residential reentry services in our CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community segments typically have terms of three to five years and contain multiple renewal options.  Most of our facility contracts also contain clauses that allow the government agency to terminate the contract at any time without cause, and our facility contracts are generally subject to annual or bi-annual legislative appropriations of funds.  Notwithstanding these termination clauses, the contract renewal rate for properties we owned and operated in these segments was 94% over the five years ended December 31, 2020. The government lease agreements in our CoreCivic Properties segment typically have terms of five to twenty years including renewal options, and generally have more restrictive termination clauses. At December 31, 2020, the lease agreements in our CoreCivic Properties segment had a weighted average lease term of 8.6 years remaining.

In our CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community segments, we are compensated for providing bed capacity and correctional, detention, and residential reentry services at a per diem rate based upon actual or minimum guaranteed occupancy levels.  Occupancy rates for a particular facility are typically low when first opened or immediately following an expansion.  However, beyond the start-up period, which typically ranges from 90 to 180 days, the occupancy rate tends to stabilize. Our occupancy rates have declined due to the effects of COVID-19, as further described hereafter.  The average compensated occupancy of our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities, based on rated capacity was as follows for the years 2020, 2019, and 2018:

The average compensated occupancy of our CoreCivic Safety and CoreCivic Community facilities, excluding idled facilities, was 82%, 93%, and 93% for the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

In our CoreCivic Properties segment, we own properties for lease to third parties and used by government agencies where our occupancy percentage is based on leased square feet rather than bed capacity.  The average occupancy of the 15 properties comprising our CoreCivic Properties segment portfolio as of December 31, 2020 was 99%, 99% and 100% for the years 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

Operating Procedures and Offender Services for Correctional, Detention, and Residential Reentry Facilities

Pursuant to the terms of our customer contracts, we are responsible for the overall operations of our facilities, including staff recruitment, general administration of the facilities, facility maintenance, security, and supervision of the offenders.  We are required by our customer contracts to maintain certain levels of insurance coverage for general liability, workers' compensation, vehicle liability, and property loss or damage.  We also are required to indemnify our customers for claims and costs arising out of our operations and, in certain cases, to maintain performance bonds and other collateral requirements.

Reentry programs.

We believe a focus on inmate reentry provides great benefits for our communities – more people living healthy and productive lives and contributing to strong families and local economies.  We have committed to evolving our model with an increased focus on reentry services, and we are working hard to equip the men and women in our care with the services, support, and resources they need to be successful upon reentry.  

While we remain focused on our commitment, due to COVID-19, we experienced a reduction in the number of individuals who benefited from our reentry and educational programs in 2020 when compared to prior years.  As a result of our efforts to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by inhibiting the movement and interactions of individuals in and around our facilities, our reentry programs were significantly disrupted.  We intend to work with our government partners and follow national health standards in reinstating these reentry programs to their full capacity.

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We provide a wide range of evidence-based reentry programs and activities in our facilities.  At most of the facilities we manage, offenders have the opportunity to enhance their basic education from literacy through earning a high school equivalency certificate endorsed by their respective state. In some cases, we also provide opportunities for postsecondary educational achievements and chances to participate in college degree programs.  A number of our facilities that care for non-U.S. citizens offer adult education curricula recognized by several nations to which these offenders may return, including a curriculum offered in conjunction with the Mexican government.  We also provide an Adult Education in Spanish program for offenders with that specific language need.

For the offenders who are close to taking their high school equivalency exam (either the GED or the HiSET), we have invested in the equipment needed to use the GED/HiSET Academy software program, which is an offline software program providing over 200 hours of individualized lessons up to a 12^th grade level. The GED/HiSET Academy incorporates teaching best practices and provides an atmosphere to engage and motivate students to learn everything they need to know to pass the GED/HiSET exam.  According to a 2018 study published in the Journal of Experimental Criminology, inmates participating in correctional education programs were 28% less likely to recidivate when compared with inmates who did not participate in correctional education programs.   

In addition, we offer a broad spectrum of career/technical education opportunities to help individuals learn marketable job skills. Our trade programs are certified by the National Center for Construction Education and Research, or NCCER.  NCCER establishes the curriculum and certification for over 4,000 construction and trade organizations.  Graduates of these programs enter the job market with certified skills that significantly enhance employability.  According to research conducted by the RAND Corporation published in 2013, inmates who complete vocational training are 28% more likely to find a job after release.

We are proud of the educational programs we offer and intend to maintain and continue to develop such programs. Examples of programs we've recently offered include:

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For those with assessed substance abuse disorders, we offer cognitive behavioral evidence-based treatment programs with proven clinical outcomes, such as the Residential Drug Abuse Program.  We offer both therapeutic community models and intensive outpatient programs.  We also offer drug and alcohol use education/DWI programs at some of our locations.  Our goal in providing substance abuse treatment is to stimulate internal motivation for change and progress through the stages of change so that lasting behavioral change can occur.  Our drug and alcohol education programs help participants understand their relationships with drugs and alcohol and the links between drug and alcohol use and crime, as well as assisting them in making better choices that can lead to healthier relationships in their lives.  According to a study by the Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, "An Assessment of Substance Abuse Treatment Programs in Florida's Prisons Using a Random Assignment Experimental Design" submitted to the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice in 2016, inmates who completed addiction treatment in prison have significantly lower recidivism levels regardless of the treatment model used.  

Additional program offerings include our Victim Impact Programs, available at a number of our Safety and Community facilities, which seek to educate offenders about the negative effects their criminal conduct can have on others.  All of our facility chaplains facilitate diverse and inclusive opportunities for those in our care to engage in the practice of spirituality and to exercise individual religious freedom.  In several facilities, we offer faith-based programs with an emphasis on character development, spiritual growth, and successful reentry.  Presently, we utilize Threshold, as an innovative, evidence-based inter-faith component of comprehensive reentry services.

Our Reentry and Life Skills programs prepare individuals for life after incarceration by teaching them how to successfully conduct a job search, how to manage their budget and financial matters, parenting skills, and relationship and family skills.  Equally significant, we offer cognitive behavioral programs aimed at changing anti-social attitudes and behaviors in offenders, with a focus on altering the level of criminal thinking.  In 2017, we introduced a comprehensive reentry strategy we call "Go Further," a forward thinking, process approach to reentry.  "Go Further" encompasses all facility reentry programs, adds a proprietary cognitive/behavioral curriculum, and encourages staff and offenders to take a collaborative approach to assist in reentry preparation.  In 2020, we expanded our offering by completing the first implementation of "Go Further" in one of our community corrections facilities.

In 2020, we developed and launched our first "Go Further Release" program in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Go Further Release is a program that provides stabilization services and reentry coaching to individuals being released from our facilities. The program provides "Reach-in" services during the returning citizen's last 90 days of incarceration which are designed to prepare individuals for release and make a connection with a reentry coach that will provide support to them after release. "Stabilization and Reentry Coaching" services are provided during an individual's first 90 days of release and an ongoing community support group is available as long as needed. All services are free of charge.

Across the country, our dedicated staff, along with the assistance of thousands of volunteers, work to provide guidance, direction, and post-incarceration services to the men and women in our care.  We believe these critical reentry programs help fight the serious challenge of recidivism facing the United States.  

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Through our community corrections facilities, we provide an array of services to defendants and offenders who are serving their full sentence, the last portion of their sentence, waiting to be sentenced, or awaiting trial while supervised in a community environment.  We offer housing and programs with a key focus on employment, job readiness, life skills and various substance abuse treatment programs, in order to help offenders successfully reenter their communities and reduce the risk of recidivism.  In some of our community corrections facilities, we offer housing and program services to parolees who have completed their sentence but lack a viable reentry plan.  Through a focus on employment and skill development, we provide a means for these parolees to successfully reintegrate into their communities.

In addition, we provide day-reporting and substance abuse treatment programs at some of our community corrections facilities.  These programs, depending on the needs of the offender, can provide cognitive behavioral-based programs to assist in the offender's successful reentry while holding the individual accountable while living in the community.

Lastly, we also provide a number of non-residential correctional alternative services, including electronic monitoring and case management services, under our CoreCivic Community segment.  Governmental customers use electronic monitoring products and services to monitor low risk offenders as a way to help reduce overcrowding in correctional facilities, as a monitoring and sanctioning tool, and to promote public safety by imposing restrictions on movement and serving as a deterrent for alcohol usage.  Providing these non-residential services is a natural complement to our broad network of residential reentry facilities and can help keep individuals from going back to prison or being incarcerated in the first place.

Ultimately, the work we do is intended to give people the tools to reintegrate with their communities permanently.  We are proud of the teachers, counselors, case managers, chaplains, and other offender support service professionals who provide these services to the men and women entrusted in our care.  

To further underscore our long-term commitment to reducing recidivism, since October 2017, we have maintained a nationwide initiative to advocate for a range of government policies that will help former offenders successfully reenter society and stay out of prison. As part of this continued initiative, we apply government relations resources and expertise to advocate for the following policies:

In 2020, we announced that we will publicly advocate at the federal and state levels for a slate of new policies that will help people succeed in their communities after being released from prison.  Specifically, we pledged our support for Pell Grant Restoration, Voting Rights Restoration and Licensure Reform Policies.  Also in 2020, we partnered and made an investment in Prison Fellowship, a leading advocate for criminal justice reform serving approximately 550,000 current and formerly incarcerated individuals and their family members each year.  Through a network of programming and advocacy efforts, the organization seeks to effect positive change at every level of the criminal justice system. We have committed to a multi-year partnership in Prison Fellowship's Warden Exchange program, a residency and online professional development program that enables wardens to share reentry best practices and problem solve amongst a peer group. We believe that as successful as we may be with our work inside our facilities, offenders still face embedded societal barriers when they return to their communities.  Supporting recidivism-reducing policies is one way we can bridge the gap and give the men and women entrusted in our care a better opportunity at never returning to prison.  

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Operating guidelines.

The American Correctional Association, or ACA, is an independent organization comprised of corrections professionals that establishes accreditation standards for correctional and detention facilities around the world.  Outside agency standards, such as those established by the ACA, provide us with the industry's most widely accepted operational guidelines.  ACA accredited facilities must be audited and re-accredited at least every three years.  We have sought and received ACA accreditation for 36, or approximately 90%, of the eligible facilities we operated as of December 31, 2020, excluding our residential reentry facilities.  During 2020, five of the facilities we manage were newly accredited or re-accredited by the ACA with an average score of 99.5%, making our portfolio average also 99.5%.

Beyond the standards provided by the ACA, our facilities are operated in accordance with a variety of company and facility-specific policies and procedures, as well as various contractual requirements.  Many of these policies and procedures reflect the high standards generated by a number of sources, including the ACA, the National Commission on Correctional Healthcare, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, as well as federal, state, and local government codes and regulations and longstanding correctional procedures.  

In addition, our facilities are operated in compliance with the Prison Rape Elimination Act, or PREA, standards.  All confinement facilities covered under the PREA standards must be audited at least every three years to maintain compliance with the PREA standards. We utilize DOJ certified PREA auditors to help ensure that all facilities operate in compliance with applicable PREA regulations.

Our facilities operate under these established standards, policies, and procedures, and also are subject to annual audits by our Quality Assurance Division, or QAD, which operates under, and reports directly to, our Office of General Counsel and acts independently from our Operations Division. Through the QAD, we have devoted significant resources to ensuring that our facilities meet outside agency and accrediting organization standards and guidelines.  

The QAD employs a team of full-time auditors, who are subject matter experts from all major disciplines within institutional operations.  Annually, QAD auditors generally conduct unannounced on-site evaluations of each CoreCivic Safety facility we operate using specialized audit tools, typically containing more than 1,000 audit indicators across all major operational areas. In most instances, these audit tools are tailored to facility and partner specific requirements. In 2020, due to the impact of COVID-19, many of the QAD's annual facility audits were announced and conducted remotely, or conducted through a combination of remote and limited onsite reviews. We expect these remote and hybrid audit practices to continue for at least the first half of 2021. In addition, audit teams provide guidance to facility staff on operational best practices and assist staff with addressing specific areas of need, such as meeting requirements of new partner contracts and providing detailed training on compliance requirements for new departmental managers.

The QAD management team coordinates overall operational auditing and compliance efforts across all correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities we manage.  In conjunction with subject matter experts and other stakeholders having risk management responsibilities, the QAD management team develops performance measurement tools used in facility audits. The QAD management team provides governance of the corrective action plan process for any items of nonconformance identified through internal and external facility reviews. Our QAD also contracts with teams of ACA certified correctional auditors to evaluate compliance with ACA standards at accredited facilities.  Similarly, the QAD routinely incorporates a review of facility compliance with key ACA standards and PREA regulations during annual audits of company facilities.

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In addition to our own internal audit and contract compliance efforts, we are also subject to oversight by our government partners.  As part of their standard monitoring and compliance programs, approximately 71% of our federal and state government partners typically conduct formal contract-compliance audits and inspections at least annually at CoreCivic Safety facilities.  In addition to these annual audits of our facilities, many partners conduct additional area-specific operational audits and inspections on a more frequent basis, including monthly, quarterly, and semi-annually.  Some of these audits and facility inspections by our partners are conducted on an unannounced basis. In 2020, our government partners conducted over 165 annual, semi-annual, quarterly, and monthly compliance audits and inspections at our CoreCivic Safety facilities. In addition, the majority of our federal and state government partners employ on-site contract monitors who monitor performance and contract compliance at our facilities on a full- or part-time basis. In 2020, approximately 93% of the CoreCivic Safety facilities we manage have an onsite contract monitor.

Business Development

We believe we own, or control via a long-term lease, approximately 58% of all privately owned prison beds in the United States, manage nearly 39% of all privately managed prison beds in the United States, and are currently the second largest private owner and provider of community corrections services in the nation.  We also believe that we are the largest private owner of real estate used by U.S. government agencies.  Under the direction of our partnership development department, we market our facilities and services to government agencies responsible for federal, state, and local correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities in the United States.  Under the direction of our real estate department, we intend to continue to pursue opportunities to help our government partners meet their infrastructure needs, primarily through the development and redevelopment of criminal justice sector assets that we believe have favorable investment returns, diversify our cash flows, and increase value to our stockholders.  We will also respond to customer demand and may develop or expand correctional and detention facilities when we believe potential long-term returns justify the capital deployment.

We execute cross-departmental efforts to market CoreCivic Safety solutions to government partners that seek corrections and detention management services, CoreCivic Community solutions to government partners seeking residential reentry services, and CoreCivic Properties solutions to customers that need real estate and maintenance services.  

As indicated by the following chart, business from our federal customers, including primarily ICE, the USMS, and the BOP, continues to be a significant component of our business, although the source of revenue is derived from many contracts at various types of properties, i.e. correctional, detention, reentry, and leased.  ICE and the USMS each accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue during the last three years.  

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Certain of our contracts with federal partners contain clauses that guarantee the federal partner access to a minimum bed capacity in exchange for a fixed monthly payment.  However, these contracts also generally provide the government the ability to cancel the contract for non-appropriation of funds or for convenience. The solutions we provide to our federal customers continue to be a significant component of our business. We believe our ability to provide flexible solutions and fulfill emergent needs of our federal customers would be very difficult and costly to replicate in the public sector.

Additionally, on January 26, 2021, President Biden issued the Private Prison EO.  The Private Prison EO directs the Attorney General to not renew DOJ contracts with privately operated criminal detention facilities.  Two agencies of the DOJ, the BOP and the USMS, utilize our services.  The BOP houses inmates who have been convicted, and the USMS is generally responsible for detainees who are awaiting trial.  The BOP has experienced a steady decline in inmate populations over the last seven years, a trend that has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic.  We currently have one prison contract with the BOP, accounting for 2% ($39.2 million) of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020, which was recently renewed through November 2022.  

Unlike the BOP, the USMS does not own detention capacity and relies on the private sector, along with county jails, for its detainee population. We do not believe the USMS currently has sufficient capacity that satisfies their current needs without the private sector, and we are not currently aware of an alternative solution for the USMS. We currently have eight detention facilities that have separate contracts where the USMS is the primary customer that all expire at various times over the next several years, with the exception of two contracts that have indefinite terms.  Non-renewal of these contracts would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.  For the year ended December 31, 2020, USMS accounted for 21% ($396.3 million) of our total revenue.

In February 2021, President Biden announced plans to allow certain migrants to pursue asylum in the United States while awaiting their proceedings in immigration courts, reversing a policy of the prior administration, which required these asylum seekers to wait in Mexico during the pendency of their immigration court proceedings.

Federal revenues from contracts at correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities that we operate decreased 1.4% from $1,013.8 million during 2019 to $999.2 million during 2020.  Partially offset by several mitigating factors, as further described in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or MD&A, the decrease in federal revenues from 2019 to 2020 was primarily a result of COVID-19.  At the beginning of 2020, we expected a reduction in ICE populations throughout 2020 compared with 2019 because of a dramatic rise in such populations during 2019, when southern border apprehensions reached the highest levels in over a decade, as we did not believe these high levels would be sustained.  However, the decision near the end of the first quarter of 2020, which continued throughout the duration of 2020, by the federal government to deny entry at the United States southern border to asylum-seekers and anyone crossing the southern border without proper documentation or authority in an effort to contain the spread of COVID-19 amplified the reduction in people being apprehended and detained by ICE during 2020.

State revenues from contracts at correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities that we operate constituted 33%, 34%, and 39% of our total revenue during 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, and decreased 5.5% from $673.4 million during 2019 to $636.3 million during 2020.  In addition to the effect of an overall decline in state inmate populations resulting from COVID-19 during 2020, the decrease in state revenues from 2019 to 2020 was also a result of the completion of the transfer of California inmates held in our out-of-state facilities back to the state of California during the second quarter of 2019, as further described in MD&A.  No state partner accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue during these years.

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, several of our state partners had been experiencing improvements in their budgets, which helped us secure recent per diem increases at certain facilities.  Further, several of our existing state partners, as well as prospective state partners, have been experiencing growth in offender populations and overcrowded conditions, are considering alternative correctional capacity for their aged and inefficient infrastructure, or are seeking cost savings by utilizing the private sector.  Since the beginning of 2018, we have completed the intake of new inmate populations as a result of new contracts with Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Ohio, Nevada, South Carolina, and Vermont.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and we currently expect that the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to have, a negative impact on many of our state partners' budgets, though we cannot predict the ultimate impact COVID-19 will have on our revenue and per diem rates from our state partners.  We have implemented enhanced hygiene practices, suspended visitation in consultation with our government partners, separated vulnerable inmate populations for their additional protection, followed guidelines provided by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, for Correctional and Detention Facilities, and have taken many other actions intended to limit the spread of COVID-19 among our staff and residents within our correctional, detention, and reentry facilities.  However, we cannot predict government responses to an increase in staff or residents testing positive for COVID-19 within public and private correctional, detention and reentry facilities, nor can we predict COVID-19 related restrictions on individuals, businesses, and services that disrupt the criminal justice system.  Certain government agencies have released, may be considering releasing, or may be experiencing pressure to release, certain inmates and detainees as a result of COVID-19, including those inmates and detainees considered vulnerable to serious illness or death in the event of COVID-19 infection, those with sentences ending in the next year, or those being held on a minor supervision violation.  Further, we cannot predict government policies on prosecutions and newly ordered legal restrictions as a result of COVID-19 that affect the number of people placed in correctional, detention, and reentry facilities. We currently expect the federal government’s policy of denying entry at the United States southern border to asylum-seekers and anyone crossing the southern border without proper documentation or authority, as well as the disruptions to the criminal justice system, to persist at least until a widely accepted treatment and/or vaccine for COVID-19 is widely disseminated, which could result in a further reduction in the number of offenders placed in our facilities.  Such actions could, either alone or in combination, have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.  

COVID-19 notwithstanding, we believe the long-term growth opportunities of our business remain attractive as government agencies consider their emergent needs (including capacity to help mitigate the spread of infectious disease), as well as the efficiency and offender programming opportunities we provide, as flexible solutions to satisfy our partners' needs.  Further, we expect our partners, and prospective partners, to continue to face challenges in maintaining old facilities, developing new facilities, and expanding current facilities for additional capacity, which could result in increased future demand for the solutions we provide.

Following our first priorities of debt reduction, which may include the purchase of our outstanding debt in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, and managing through the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe the revocation of our REIT election and conversion to a taxable C Corporation, effective January 1, 2021, will allow us to allocate a substantial portion of our free cash flow to returning capital to our shareholders and to pursuing attractive growth opportunities.  We believe that we can further develop our business by, among other things:

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We generally receive inquiries from or on behalf of government agencies that are considering outsourcing the ownership and/or management of certain facilities or that have already decided to contract with a private enterprise.  When we receive such an inquiry, we determine whether there is an existing need for our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities and/or services and whether the legal and political climate in which the inquiring party operates is conducive to serious consideration of outsourcing.  Based on these findings, an initial cost analysis is conducted to further determine project feasibility.

Frequently, government agencies responsible for correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities and services procure space and services through solicitations or competitive procurements.  As part of our process of responding to such requests, members of our management team meet with the appropriate personnel from the agency making the request to best determine the agency's needs.  If the project fits within our strategy, we submit a written response. A typical solicitation or competitive procurement requires bidders to provide detailed information, including, but not limited to, the space and services to be provided by the bidder, its experience and qualifications, and the price at which the bidder is willing to provide the facility and services (which services may include the purchase, renovation, improvement or expansion of an existing facility or the planning, design and construction of a new facility). The requesting agency selects a provider believed to be able to provide the requested bed capacity, if needed, and most qualified to provide the requested services, and then negotiates the price and terms of the contract with that provider.  

2020 Accomplishments

In spite of, and in some instances, as a result of, the challenges presented by COVID-19 on our business in 2020, we entered into a number of new contracts, renewed several other significant contracts, and completed numerous other transactions and milestones, including the following:

CoreCivic Safety:

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CoreCivic Community:

CoreCivic Properties:

Response to COVID-19:

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Corporate and Other:

Facility Portfolio

CoreCivic Safety and Community Facilities and Facility Management Contracts

Our correctional, detention, and residential reentry facilities can generally be classified according to the level(s) of security at such facility.  Minimum security facilities have open housing within an appropriately designed and patrolled institutional perimeter.  Medium security facilities have either cells, rooms or dormitories, a secure perimeter, and some form of external patrol.  Maximum security facilities have cells, a secure perimeter, and external patrol.  Multi-security facilities have various areas encompassing minimum, medium or maximum security.  

Our CoreCivic Safety and Community facilities can also be classified according to their primary function.  The primary functional categories are:

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As of December 31, 2020, through our CoreCivic Safety segment, we operated 47 correctional and detention facilities, 42 of which we owned and managed and five of which we managed, and were owned by our government partners.  Through our CoreCivic Community segment, we also owned and managed 27 residential reentry centers.  Owned and managed facilities include facilities placed into service that we own or control via a long-term lease and manage.  The following table includes certain information regarding each facility, including the term of the primary customer contract related to such facility.  

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